EFFECT OF GARLIC OIL EXTRACT ON BLOOD PARAMETERS IN CHICKENS INFECTED WITH ECTOPARASITES

The study was conducted from September 2018 to April 2019, A total of 350 chicken samples were examined from different areas of the Basrah province for the diagnosis of ectoparasites and 154 chickens were infected with ectoparasites. Four species of lice were isolated, which were Menacanthus cornutus , Menacanthus stramineus, Menacanthus pallidulus, Menapon gallinae and one species of mite which was Dermanyssus gallinae . The experimental study was carried out to eliminate the ectoparasites where 24 chickens were purchased and placed in the field of the faculty of agriculture. The chickens were divided into 3 groups. First group was the control group and the second group was infected with ectoparasites and the third group was infected with ectoparasites which was sprayed with garlic extract at a concentration of 10%. Ten days later, the blood parameters were measured for the three groups where the blood parameters of the group treated with garlic extract were close to the blood parameters of the control groupand show significant different (P<0.05).


INTRODUCTION
In developing countries, animal production in general and chicken production in particular play an essential socio-economic role. Poultry production is one area of livestock production with significant contribution to human food production (1).
Poultry is an economic and effective source of animal protein within the shortest possible time, playing a vital role in narrowing down the animal protein supply gap.
Poultry can easily be infected with several types of bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic Diseases , Ectoparasites infestation are of great significance. Ectoparasites live on under the feathers or penetrate within the skin or even in to the air sacs and some lives under the feathers (2). Lice is the common name for members of the order Phthiraptera which contains nearly 5,000 species of wingless insect. The impacts of louse parasitism on birds are often severe, including retarded growth, low egg production and susceptibility to other infections (3). Lice is one of the most important blood sucking ectoparasites of poultry and it is causing irritation to decreased body weight , which adversely affects the economical production of poultry (4).
Poultry Red Mite (PRM), Dermanyssus gallinae is a blood-feeding ectoparasites with a severe impact on laying hens (5). It can survive in poultry equipments for long periods without host and is easily spread directly by the host or indirectly by multiple fomites (6).
A number of reproductive inhibitors and repellents of arthropods used to be derived from certain plants. These extracts affect the feeding behavior and life cycle of parasites (7). As pesticides of synthetic origin may have a negative impact on the environment, and pest resistance to toxic chemicals which can be developed after repeated applications, the use of natural substances has become more popular (8).
Garlic has been widely studied for its immune boosting properties. Many studies have shown that the compound allicin, found in fresh garlic has antibiotic, antiparasitic and antifungal properties (9). The compound is a colorless liquid with a distinctly pungent odor that shows anti-bacterial and anti-fungal characteristics. Allicin in garlic imparts defense reaction against attacks by insect pests (10). Therefore, The aim of this study was to evaluate effect of garlic oil extract on ectoparasites on chickens.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
The present study is conducted from September 2018 to April 2019, a total of 350 samples of chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) were examined from different areas of the Basrah province to investigate the existence of ectoparasites.

Ectoparasites collection :
Out of 350 chickens examined, 154 chickens were infected with ectoparasites.
The ectoparasites were isolated randomly from each chicken by using eye lenses 4X and fine forceps with good light source from vent, head, neck, breast, back, comb, and wing. Any suspected ectoparasites or substance are kept in small Petri-dish contains 70% alcohol and collected for further examination.

Ectoparasites diagnosis:
Glass slides of ectoparasites were prepared according to the method of (11).The samples were placed in 70 % alcohol and then transferred to 10% NaOH for 24 hours.The samples were washed with distilled water for 15 minutes then transferred to ascending grades of alcohols starting from 50%, 70%, 90% and absolute alcohol. In each grade of alcohol the specimen was kept for 15 minutes. The samples were transferred to the Xylole solution for 2 minutes then ectoparasites were placed in the middle of glass slide and covered with a drop of Canada balsam and covered with the lid of the slide. The glass slides were placed above the hot plate for 3 minutes and at temperatures 40 ᵒC. Glass slides were examined under a dissecting microscope and the ectoparasites were classified Depending on: (12), (13) and (14).

Extraction Garlic oil :
Dried Allium sativum was obtained from the market of Basrah city, then grind with an electric mill and then stored in glass bottles. 70 gm of dried garlic was placed in paper container (thimble) in the extraction apparatus (succulet) using 500 ml of ethanol solvent for 6 hours. The solution was then placed in rotary evaporate the solvent and leave the remaining material at room temperature to dry and then the garlic oil was put in screw tube (15).

Experience design :
The experiment was carried out in the animal field of the Faculty of Agriculture.
Twenty four chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) were purchased and placed in the field and all chickens were two week of age. The blood and faeces of the chickens were examined before the experiment to make sure that they have no parasites. The chickens were divided into three groups , Each group consisting of 8 chickens : The first group was control group which was free from ectoparasites and the second group was infected with ectoparasites and the third group was infected with ectoparasites which was sprayed with garlic extract at a concentration of 10%.
The concentration of garlic oil that used in this experiment was prepared by adding 90 ml of Diomethyl Sulfoxide to 10 ml of garlic oil. Third group of chicken infected with ectoparasites was sprayed with 10% of garlic oil every five days, After 10 days of processing. Blood samples were collected aseptically with sterile syringe from the jugular vein of all groups of chickens and were placed in a vacuum tube (EDTA K3) to evaluate the hematological parameters.

Hemoglobin concentration (Hb) (g/dl).
The concentration of Hb was measured by using Sahli apparatus technique according to (16)

Packed cell volume (PCV) (%).
Packed cell volume was measured by use The microhematocrit method according to (16).

White blood cell count (Cell/mm3).
Total leukocyte cells were counted using hemocytometer technique according to (16).

Statistical analysis
Statistical analysis is performed by using statistical analysis software (Statistical Package for the Social Science) (SPSS) version 22. Therefore, the means, standard error (Std. error), and significant variances performed with One-way ANOVA by using Least significant difference (LSD) test at (P<0.05).

Identification of chickens ectoparasites
In this study , the results of the microscopic examination of chicken lice shows presence of four species of lice , they Menacanthus cornutus, Menacanthus str gallinae and one species of mite which is 5). (

Identification of chickens ectoparasites
In this study , the results of the microscopic examination of chicken lice shows f four species of lice , they are :

Menacanthus stramineus, Menacanthus pallidulus
nd one species of mite which is Dermanyssus gallinae (Figure 1,2     Infestation rate of ectoparasites species that collected from infected chickens.

DISCUSSION
Ectoparasites play critical roles in veterinary medicine and remain a persistent problem in the modern world. For many years, A number of pesticides, including organophosphates, organochlorides and synthetic pyrethroids, has given an efficient control of these parasites; but the extensive use of these drugs has led to the development of resistance in many target species (18 Many researchers have investigated the effects of essential oils, plant extracts and oriental medicinal plant extracts, against ectoparasites. They can be used as killing agents or repellents. Garlic oil was used in this study and the result showed great improvements in chicken treated with garlic oil as compared to untreated chickens in blood parameters and chicken behavior and this due to the ability of garlic oil to reduce ectoparasites . There are several studies where garlic oil has been used to eliminate ectoparasites such as (30) and (31) .As well as (32)