Study The Effect of Ketoconazole and Vitamin E on Some Arabi Ram Sperm Characteristics

Experiment aims to investigate the effect of ketoconazole on certain sperm characteristic of Arabi rams .fifteen adult rams were randomly assigned in 3 groups, 5 animals in each group which treated daily as the following : control group, ket group received orally (25 mg/kg body weight of ketoconazole and ket-E group received (25 mg/kg body weight of ketoconazole+50 mg vit E / head). The study lasted 28 days. Collection of semen was done each week by artificial vagina. Sperm traits were estimated in addition to assessment the level of testosterone and some anti_oxidative enzyme and oxidative marker (MDA ). It was concluded that orally administered Ketoconazole has a negative impact on fertility of Arabi rams and vit E at 50 mg/head can prevent adverse effect of ketoconazole on sperm characteristic of Arabi rams.


Introduction
Reproduction is considered an important part for production process, therefore any reducing in fertility of animal can cause economic loss in animal production (1).
Fertility is described as the ability of animals to create pregnancy and is kept by insemination of good-management female using good-value semen that is placed in the female reproductive tract at the suitable time. Males should have a superior reproductive performance and a good genetic profile as the males fertility and genetic efficiency appears more vital than those of the females (2).
The exposure of male to some chemicals and drugs may disturb their sexual function.
Some drugs can hurt spermatogonia cells that denote the male genomes, and so disturb the spermatozoa before maturation (3). The fungal diseases are rendered a serious risk for human and animal health. Fungal infections may be cause of hypersensitivity due to fungal protein, toxicity due to fungal mycotoxin. Various fungal infections are happen due to opportunist pathogen that may be endogenous(e.g,Candida infections) or are came from the environments (e,g . Cryptococcus, Aspergillus infection) (4).
Ketoconazole is one of imidazole family which has a broad, spectrum antifungal activity. It comes first amongst the azole antifungal derivatives. It has established to be the most effective and most widely used antifungal azole derivatives to date [5].
As well, ketoconazole is generally used for dealing with progressive prostate cancer.
However, ketoconazole has adverse effects on the male genital system in both human and animal which researcher reported that the uses of ketoconazole cause a decrease in the weight of male genital organ (6). In additionally found that reduce epididymal sperm count and serum testosterone level (7) as well as have serious adverse events effect on sperm parameters (8) subsequently on fertility capacity. Furthermore, affected a testicular structure which has a toxicity effect on the testicular tissues (9).
Recent studies suggested that ketoconazole causes an increase in the level of reactive oxygen species (10 and 11).
Vit. E is an additive which is termed as anti_sterility meanwhile it is essential for regular function of female genital system. (12), and (13), showed that vit E is a chief chain .Because of lipid solubility of vit. E ,it is consider the major protection lines from peroxidation of the poly-unsaturated fatty acids of phospholipid in spermatozoal membranes (14). Thus, the present study aimed to indicate and evaluate the adverse effect of ketoconazole on some semen characteristics and the protective effect of vit E on reducing these toxicity on sperm parameters of Arabi rams.

Animal and semen collections
The study were carried out in an animal  (16).

Ketoconazole administration
Ketoconazole tablets 200mg/tables were bought from a local drug store. The doses were calculated according to the practice guide of dose conversion by (17).

Semen Processing
Collection of semen was done with an artificial vagina every week , placed in ranked test tube, located in a thermoflask at 37C°, and conveyed to the lab for valuation of semen volumes, PH , sperm counts, motility (mass and individuals), live sperm and deformities.

Estimation of serum testosterone
The blood collection and separation of serum was done weekly and the level of testosterone was done according to the way of (18)

Acrosomal integrity of sperm
The integrity of the membrane of acrosomal was determined by using eosin nigrosine stain; 20 microliters of eosin nigrosine blended with 20 microliters of semen and then was smeared on a microscopic slide for evaluation under a phase-contrast microscope (19).

Estimation of Glutathiones peroxidases
GPx: Level of GPx in semen was estimated with spectrophotometer using Ransel reagent from Randox-Laboratory Ltd . (Crumlens,UK ). GPx activity was indicated as unit(U) / mL semen.

Estimation of activity of catalase(CAT):
This way designated by (22) which used for the assessment of activity of CAT in the semen sample.

Statisticals analysis:
SPSS-Version 19 was used for Data analyzing.

Results
The result in Table 2