Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
80
ASSESSMENT OF THE MILK COMPONENTS OF IRAQI DROMEDARY
CAMELS
Naqa S. M. Tamimi* , Shaoob N.A. AL-Shihani**
*Department of Internal and Preventive Medicine college of veterinary medicine, University of
Wasit, Kut, Iraq
**Department of Epidemics, Wasit Veterinary Hospital, Kut, Iraq
Corresponding author: naqavet2018@gmail.com
Key Words: Dromedary camel, Milk components, Iraq.
ABSTRACT
Camels’ milk has gained so many attentions recently because of its unique therapeutic
effects. Iraq is one of the Arab countries with a long history of camel husbandry and few studies
regarding this important products’ compositions. In this study fresh milk samples from 78
apparently healthy she camels from Wasit province were collected and analyzed. According to
the results means ± Standard Deviation (SD) for Fat, Protein, and Lactose were 3.48 ± 0.95, 4.23
± 1.61 and 4.3 ± 2.56 percent, respectively. In addition, values for Total solids, Solid non-fat,
Salt values were 9.0 ± 1.43, 8.64 ± 1.75, and 0.73 ± 0.08 percent, respectively. And means ± SD
for Density was 1.031 ± 0.0032 g/cm3 in this study. Data analysis revealed that sampling date
was correlated with the milk’s fat, density, and pH (p<0.05). She camels’ age was correlated
with salt values of their milk (p<0.001); while, their parity numbers correlated with the protein
and salt values of the milk (p<0.05). Our findings fell within the published literature with minor
variations; however, higher means for fat, protein and lactose were yielded compared to studies
from other countries. Owners should be educated that they could obtain milk with better quality
and higher quantity by improving feeding and husbandry measures.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
81
INTRODUCTION
Camel milk has proved to have many therapeutic benefits according to many studies (1-4).
Camels have become the fifth most important dairy animals after cattle, water buffalo, goat, and
sheep (5). Although the amount each she camel produces daily is not much, but they produce in
poor feeding conditions and up to eighteen months (6). Camel milk composition has been studied
by several researchers with various results: Fat: 1.2-6.4%, Lactose: 4.4%, Protein: 2.9-4.9%,
Ash: 0.79%, Total solids: 11.9% (7-11).
The composition of the camel milk is known to be affected by some factors such as
nutritional (12), geographical and seasonal variations (9), In addition, various breeds have also
shown some variation in their milk compositions (13).
The published literature regarding camel milk is limited comparing to other dairy
animals and more information is still needed to shed light on various breeds of camels in
different geographical regions. Nearby, a few studies have been published in Iraq. In 2014, fifty
she camel’s milk from West of Iraq in Al-Ratba were analyzed while in Southern Iraq in Al
Muthanna Al-Salihi et al. tested 30 she camels’ milk in 2017 (14, 15) Even studies conducted on
microbial contamination of milk and its product poorly involved camels’ milk because of their
low numbers in some regions (16).
Therefore, this study was designed to study the milk components of Iraqi local camels
(Al-Mashael breed) in Wasit Governate with no previous studies and to assess the effect of age
and parity number in addition to the sampling time on the milk composition.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Sampling: Fresh milk samples (50 ml each) were collected aseptically in the morning milking
from 78 apparently healthy she camels in the period from 22/March to 7/June 2019 in Wasit
province. The participating she camels were distributed in a few herds in two areas named
“Badra” and “Sheikh Saad” area and they all belonged to the red local breed called “Al-
Mashael”.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
82
The camels were fed by natural grazing without additional concentrated food which was
specified only for recently calved she camels and their calves. The samples were collected three
to seven weeks after parturition in all cases. Sampling date, age and number of parities for each
she camel was recorded. Milk samples were stored cool in sterile bags until they were analyzed
using The Ultrasonic milk analyzer (Germany). The device used 10 ml for the analysis of each
sample. Values for Fat, Lactose, Protein, Density, Total solids, Solid non-fat, salts, and pH of
milk samples were then recorded.
Statistical analysis: Microsoft Excel (MS Office ProPlus, 2016) was used to record and
categorize all the data. The SPSS software (version 20; SPSS, Chicago, IL, USA) was used for
analysis. Multiple Regression analysis was used to find out the possible correlation between age
and parity numbers with each of the camel milk components. Although the time period in which
sample collection occurred was not long still, we analyzed our data to see if changes would be
present by moving more into summer using the same test. A Confidence level of 95% was used
and a P value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
RESULTS
Samples and the milk components: The mean age of the 78 participating she camels was about
8 years with a mean number of parities being around two. The detailed characteristics of she
camels and the components of their milk are shown in table 1.
Table 1 – Characteristics of the participating she camels and their milk components
Variable Mean ± SD* Min - Max
Camel characteristics
Age (year) 8.15 ± 2.35 5 - 15
Parity number 2.28 ± 1.06 1 - 6
Milk components
Fat % 3.48 ± 0.95 2.14 - 6
Protein % 4.23 ± 1.61 2 – 7.55
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
83
Lactose % 4.3 ± 2.56 2.5 – 6.8
Density g/cm3 1.031 ± 0.0032 1.021 – 1.039
Total solids % 9.0 ± 1.43 5 – 12.6
Solid non-fat % 8.64 ± 1.75 4.7 – 11.78
Salt values % 0.73 ± 0.08 0.56 – 0.91
Conductivity ms/cm 6.82 ± 1.21 4.94 – 9.9
PH 6.5 ± 0.22 6.1 – 6.88
*Standard Deviation
Statistical Analysis: The regression analysis showed that sampling date was positively
correlated with the milk’s fat (p<0.001) and density (p<0.001) while it correlated negatively with
the milk’s pH (p=0.036). She camels’ age was negatively correlated with salt values of their milk
(p<0.001). Moreover, the parity of she camels revealed a positive correlation with the protein
content of milk (p=0.048) and negative correlation with its salt values (p<0.001). Basic
components of the milk (fat, protein, and lactose) were not correlated with the she camels’ age
(p>0.05).
DISCUSSION
The results of our study revealed that the milk components of apparently healthy Iraqi she
camels were within the range of earlier literature (7-11). The means of fat, protein, and lactose of
camel milk in our study were higher than some other studies in Morocco, United Arab Emirates,
Egypt, Saudi Arabia and western Iraq that could possibly be justified by the better natural
nutrient nature of this region compared to the beforementioned areas (13, 14, 17-20). Some of
these authors confirmed a strong seasonal effect reporting the lowest camel milk compositions in
summertime (13, 17-19). Our samples were collected in late spring and beginning of summer;
therefore, one could possibly expect higher values within the same population in winter. This
variation could represent the role of geographic and nutritional factors (9, 12). While some
authors blamed nutritional factors for the lower milk components in the summer in camels kept
in traditional systems (21) another study proved the same seasonal effect in camels living in
concentrated systems regardless of the nutritional factor (13). Closer means with minor
variations compared to our study were obtained in Al-Muthanna, southern Iraq for fat, protein
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
84
and lactose that also might be the result of more similarity in the geographical region (15).
However, the wide range reported for fat in the later study (1.59-13.9%) was unique compared to
the existing literature. With the protein range (2.74-7.15%) being close to ours (2-7.55%), the
range of lactose (4.14-11.74%) was also higher (15). Al-Salihi et al. collected their samples at
the same time season as ours and the nutrition seems to be the only influencing factor as Al-
Salihi et al mentioned the use of concentrated food by their lactating she camels while camels in
our study were not given additional food at the time of sample collection (15). Mohammed Salih
and Al-Ani reported the means without mentioning the ranges for these components and their
means for fat, protein, and Non-solid fat were lower than ours with similar means for Lactose
and density (14). The most logical justification for these variations could be the fact that the
beforementioned region is an arid desert with poorer nature.
Our study revealed that the higher the number of parities and age of she camels were the less
salt values of the milk were recorded (p<0.001). Salt components of the milk include important
salts and ions necessary for the young animals’ development (22) and are considered important
factors affecting the milk quality and cheese production (23). According to a study in northern
Kenya which stated that mineral supplementation containing P and Co in camels increased the
serum mineral parameters and the milk yield of camels (24) it is suspected that geographical
places rich with important nutritional salts or additional supplementation with these salts can
have positive impact on the milk production in camels. Furthermore, increasing age and parity
has been known for an increase in milk yield per camel (13, 20) which if joined with insufficient
feeding program may be the reason behind reduction of salt values in the current study.
Moreover, higher parity numbers showed a significant positive correlation with the protein
content of the milk in our study (p=0.048). Our finding is in contrast with other studies which
reported higher milk yield in she camels with higher parity numbers along with lower fat and
protein content [13]. In other words, it has been suggested that camels with higher milk yields
produce milk with lower fat, protein and lactose content (13, 17, 25). On the other hands, another
study came in agreement with our findings in that camels with higher parity numbers produce
not only higher amount of milk but also richer in fat, protein, lactose, and salts contents (20).
Further assessment is needed to see if geographical and nutritional factors have caused this
variation.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
85
According to our findings milk samples collected closer to summertime yielded higher fat and
density (p<0.001). Fat content of the milk has been recognized as the most important factor
affecting the milk density (26, 27). Therefore, the same variation of fat could expectedly be
observed in density. Our findings contrast other studies that suggest the least amount of fat and
protein in the milk produced in summer (17, 18) with an increased average milk production per
camel (19). We did not study the average of milk production per camel in our study to see if it
was increased towards summertime. While it remains necessary to have more comprehensive
studies targeting a year-round time zone in addition to an individual milk yield evaluation,
effects of breed, nutritional and geographical factors could explain some of the variations here.
In conclusion, Iraqi camels from Wasit governate yielded ranges of milk components within
the published literature with some minor variations and higher means for fat, protein and lactose
compared to studies from other regions even inside Iraq. Owners should be educated that Camel
milk quality and quantity can be increased by better feeding and management (28).
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank Dr. Nasser Hussein Abdul Hamzah for his kind help in
collection of camels’ milk samples.
REFERENCES
1-Shabo Y. and Yagil R. (2005). Etiology of autism and camel milk as therapy. Journal of
Endocrine Genetics, 4 (2): 67-70.
2-Mona E. (2010). Biochemical Effects of Fermented Camel Milk on Diarrhea in Rats.
New York Science Journal; 3(5):106-111
3-Mc Pheeters, M.L., Warren Z, Sathe N, Jennifer L. Bruzek, Krishnaswami S,
Rebecca N. Jerome, Veenstra-VanderWeele J. A. (2011). Systematic Review of
Medical Treatments for Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders. Pediatrics J;127
(6):e1312e1321.Availablefrom:http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatric
s/127/5/e1312.full.pdf, DOI: 10.1542/peds.2011-0427 30)
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
86
4-AL-Ayadhi Laila Y. (2013) Camel Milk as a Potential Therapy as an Antioxidant in
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative
Medicine; Article ID: 602834, 8 pages.
5-Faye, B., and P. Bonnet (2012). Camel sciences and economy in the world: Current
situation and perspectives. Pages 2–12 in Proc. 3rd ISOCARD Conf., Muscat, Oman.
Sultan Qaboos University Publishing, Muscat, Oman
6-FAO, (2020). Gateway to dairy production and products: Camels. Retrieved from:
http://www.fao.org/dairy-production-products/production/dairy-animals/camels/en/
on 6/2/2020.
7-Khaskheli, M., M. A. Arain, S. Chaudhry, A. H. Soomro and T. A. Qureshi (2005).
Physico chemical quality of camel milk. J. Agri. Soci. Sci. 2: 164-166.
8-Abdoun, K. A., A. S. A. Amin, and A. M. Abdelatif. (2007). Milk composition of
dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius): Nutritional effects and correlation to
corresponding blood parameters. Pak. J. Biol. Sci. 10:2724–2727.
9-Konuspayeva G, Faye B, Loiseau G. (2009). The composition of camel milk, a metaanalysis
of the literature data, J. Food Comp. Anal; 22 (2): 95- 101.
10-Shamsia, S. M. (2009). "Nutritional and therapeutic properties of camel and human
milks."International Journal of Genetics and Molecular Biology 1.2: 052-058
11-Al haj, O.A., Al Kanhal, H.A., (2010). Compositional, technological and nutritional
aspects of dromedary camel milk. Int. Dairy J. 1–11.
12-Mustafa B, EHA M, Atti AKA, Abunokhila AM, Rahmatalla SA. Elterife AMA.
Effect of parity on milk yield and dam body change postpartum of dromedary camel
(Camelus dromedarius) under farming system in Sudan, I.J.A.P.B.C.2015;4 (1): 131-
137.
13-Nagy P, Fábri ZN, Varga L, Reiczigel J, Juhász J. (2017). Effect of genetic and
nongenetic factors on chemical composition of individual milk samples from
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
87
dromedary camels (Camelus dromedarius) under intensive management. J Dairy Sci.
100 (11): 8680‐ 8693. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12814
14-Mohammed Salih Sami A. and Al-Ani Mohammed Q. (2014). Analysis Of Iraqi
Camels milk Components. Journal of Al-Anbar University for Pure Science. Volume
8 (3): 35-40.
15-Al Salihi, Karima; Al Khatib, Mussa M and M. Alkoofee, Wafaa. (2017).
PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IRAQI DROMEDARY CAMEL’S
MILK. Bas.J.Vet.Res.Vol.16, No.2, 2017.
16-Abbas Basil A., Ghadban M. Khalid, Alghanim A.M. (2017). Microbial Evaluation of
Milk and Milk Products during a Past Two Decades, in Basrah Southern Iraq: A
Review. Annual Research & Review in Biology. 14(2): 1-8. DOI:
10.9734/ARRB/2017/34855
17-Musaad, A.M., Faye, B., and Al-Mutairi, S.E., (2013). Seasonal and physiological
variation of gross composition of camel milk in Saudi Arabia, Emirates Journal of
Food and Agriculture, 25, 618–624.
18-Alaoui Ismaili, M., Saidi, B., Zahar, M., Hamama, A. and Ezzaier, R., (2016).
Composition and microbial quality of raw camel. Journal of the Saudi Society of
Agricultural Sciences 12, 1001
19-Nagy, P., Juhász, J., Reiczigel, J., Császár, G., Kocsis, R., & Varga, L. (2019).
Circannual changes in major chemical composition of bulk dromedary camel milk as
determined by FT-MIR spectroscopy, and factors of variation. Food Chemistry, 278,
248–253.
20-Mostafa TH, El-Malky OM, et al. (2017). Some Studies on Milk Production and its
Composition In Maghrebi She-Camel Under Farming And Traditional Pastoral
Systems In Egypt. Int J Hort Agric 2 (2): 1-9.
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
88
21-Rahli, F., Saidi, N., Kihal, M. (2013). Evaluation of the factors affecting the variation
of the physicochemical composition of Algerian Camel’s raw milk during different
seasons. Adv. Environ. Biol. 7 (14), 4879–4884.
22-Lucey, J. A., & Horne, D. S. (2009). Milk salts: Technological significance. In P. L. H.
McSweeney & P. F. Fox (Eds.), Advanced dairy chemistry (Vol. 3, 3rd ed., pp. 351-
389). Boston: Springer US.
23-Bijl E., van Valenberg H. J. F., Huppertz T. and van Hooijdonk A. C. M. (2013).
Protein, casein, and micellar salts in milk: Current content and historical
perspectives. 5455J. Dairy Sci. 96 :5455–5464. http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3168/jds.2012-
6497.
24-Onjoro, PA, Njoka-Njiru, EN, Ottaro, JM, Simon, A and Schwartz, HJ. (2006).
‘Effects of Mineral Supplementation on Milk Yield of Free-ranging Camels
(Camelus Dromedarius) in Northern Kenya’, Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal
Sciences, vol. 19, 11, pp.1597-1602.
25-Turki Intisar Yousif; Abdalla Ashraf; Elsir Baha Eddin; Hassan Musa Fayza and
Agab Hamid, (2005). Effect of water restriction on milk yield and milk composition
in camels (Camelus dromedarius). College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal
Production, Sudan University of Science and Technology, Available at:
http://sustech.edu/staff_publications/20090615133328832.pdf
26-Davies, W.L- (1936). "The Chemistry of Milk". D. van Nostrand Company inc., New
York.
27-Waistra, P. and Jemess, R 1984. "Dairy Chemistry and Physics". John Wdey & Sons,
hc., New York.
28-Kgaudi Katsane, Seifu Eyassu and Teketay Demel. (2018). Milk Production Potential
and Major Browse Species Consumed by Dromedary Camels in Tshabong. Botswana
Notes and Records, Volume 50 (A Special Issue on Botswana Notes and Records’
Golden Jubilee Volume in Honour of Sir Ketumile Masire).
Basrah Journal of Veterinary Research,Vol.19, No.3, 2020. Proceeding of the 17th International Conference. College of
Veterinary Medicine. University of Basrah. Iraq.
89