Authorship is a system for attributing credit and liability for the content of published works. Recognition and accountability cannot be separated. Providing an accurate account of the events is the guiding concept for establishing authorship. The authorship criteria apply to all types of intellectual activity, including printed and digital releases of text, data, and images. Additionally, authorship implies accountability and responsibility for published works. Authors have published authors who have made significant intellectual contributions. Authorized authors are aware of their guilt and obligation for published content. Since authorship does not identify what gifts qualify a person to be an author, editors are highly advised to design and apply a contributorship policy and policy that specifies who is accountable for the work''''s overall integrity. These criteria reduce substantial ambiguity regarding contributions, but they do not address the requisite quantity and quality of assistance for authorship.
CRITERIA FOR AUTHORSHIP
Everyone who made significant intellectual contributions to the study underpinning the article (such as to the research question, design, analysis, interpretation, and written description) should be listed as an author. Only those who have made significant contributions to knowledge should be considered authors. Although these contributions may be acknowledged in the publication, providing technical services, translating text, identifying patients for the study, delivering materials, and providing funding or administrative oversight of the facilities where the work was performed does not constitute authorship. One author (a "guarantee") should be accountable for the whole work''''s integrity. This is usually the corresponding author who submits the work and gets evaluations, although other authors may also serve in this capacity. All writers must approve the final version of the text. Idealistically, every author should be familiar with every facet of the work. However, current research is often conducted in teams with complementary skills, so not all authors may be conversant in every part of the study. Consequently, the contributions of certain writers may be limited to particular areas of the whole book.
NUMBER OF AUTHORS
Editors should not restrict the number of writers unilaterally. Multiple authors are warranted for some types of research, such as multi-center, randomized, controlled studies. In such cases, a subset of authors may be credited with the title and a statement stating that they produced the piece on behalf of all collaborators, who are then appended to the published work. Alternately, a "corporate" author (e.g., "Group") representing all authors in particular research may be credited, as long as a single investigator is accountable for the whole work. In any situation, all writers must complete authorship requirements, regardless of whether their names appear on the byline. If editors consider that the number of writers surpasses the work''''s breadth and complexity, they may request a complete description of each author''''s contributions. If some individuals do not fit the standards for authorship, editors may require that their names be omitted as a condition of publication.
ORDER OF AUTHORSHIP
The article''''s authors should choose the order in which their names appear. No one else comprehends their specific contributions and agreements as well as they do. Readers cannot know and should not assume the relevance of the authorship order if the authors have not specified the process for assigning an order.
AUTHORSHIP DISPUTES
Authorship problems should ideally be resolved locally before the journal evaluates the work. Editors may, however, opt to intervene in authorship disputes. A written request and explanation must support changes in authorship from all original authors at any stage of manuscript review, amendment, or acceptance.
USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The authors have asked to sign a statement of potential conflicts of interest, which should be included in the primary publication to reveal the presence of any potential conflicts.
DUTIES IN CONFLICTS OF INTEREST
The degree to which conflicts of interest are addressed openly throughout the idea, execution, writing, peer review, editing, and publishing of scientific work affects public confidence in the scientific process and the credibility of published publications. Financial conflicts of interest (such as employment, consultancies, stock ownership or options, honoraria, patents, and paid expert testimony) are the most immediately recognized and likely to weaken the credibility of the journal, the authors, and science in general. Personal relationships or rivalries, academic competitiveness, and philosophical convictions may all lead to conflict. All authors must adhere to the journal''''s standards on conflicts of interest. All participants in the peer-review and publication process, including authors, peer reviewers, editors, and editorial board members of journals, must disclose all relationships that could be construed as potential conflicts of interest when performing their roles in the article review and publication process.
- Authors: When submitting a paper in whatever format, writers must disclose any financial and personal ties that might bias or be seen to influence their work.
- Reviewers: The reviewers of a paper should be questioned about any possible conflicts of interest that might cloud their judgment. Reviewers must report to editors any potential conflicts of interest that might influence their manuscript evaluation. They must disqualify themselves from evaluating individual manuscripts if bias is a possibility. Before a book is published, reviewers are barred from profiting from their knowledge of it.
- Editors: If they have actual or prospective conflicts of interest with the articles under review, editors who make final judgments on submissions must recuse themselves from editorial decisions. Other editorial staff members who participate in editorial decisions must present editors with an up-to-date explanation of their financial interests or other conflicts (as they relate to editorial judgments) and disqualify themselves from any decisions that constitute a conflict of interest.