Histopathological Study of some Abnormalities of Infertility in the Queens

Abeer A Yaseen¹, Dhuha Adel Kareem², Zainab Waheed³,Taher abdulhussen fahad⁴

^1,4 Surgery and Obstetrics Department, Veterinary Medicine College, University of Basrah, Iraq.

²Anatomy and Histology Department, Veterinary Medicine College, University of Basrah, Iraq.

³Pathology and poultry disease Department, Veterinary Medicine College, University of Basrah,Iraq.

      Corresponding authur Email: abeer.yaseen@uobasrah.edu.iq

       DOI:

Abstract

The present  study  deals  with causes of infertility abnormalities  in  queens. The  sample  of  the present  study consists  of  eight of  the female  reproductive  system  of  queens. The  sample  of  this  study  was  collected  from  queens of  different  places  in  Basra randomly. Then  the  female  reproductive  system  of queens was  completely  removed  by  the  operation  of ovario- Hysterectomy  in  which  this  operation   was  done   weekly  in  the laboratory  of  surgery in Basra Veternerary Medicine,The female  reproductive  system  was completely  grossly  diagnosed   in  order to  know  the  infections  in  it. In addition, our  study  confirmed  the  importance  of  the  ovaries and uterus  in  fertility  of  queens, The present  study  showed  that  six of  the  sample  were  uninfected  in  which  the  percentage  was  (75%); while  two  of  the  sample  were  infected  in  their  ovaries and uterus in which  the  percentage  was  (25%). The result  of  the  study  showed  that  one  of  them  has  follicular cyst (12.5%) in ovary and endometritis (12.5%) .

Keywards: Abnormalities, Infertility, Queens

 Introduction

Felines with reproductive genetic abnormalities have a variety of sexual differentials usually noted after puberty. Infertility is described as the inability of a queen to give birth to healthy kittens. There are several reasons, including inability to cycle, inability to mate, inability to conceive, or inability to bring a pregnancy to term (1). The steps of the female cat's estrous cycle are often characterised and used inconsistently by different researchers. It is commonly categorised into five behavioural stages: proestrus, estrus, interestrus, diestrus, and anestrus (2). However, there may be four phases when interestrus and anestrus overlap (1, 3).It is possible for cats to have dysfunctional or nonexistent menstrual periods. There are many potential causes for this. A queen who never starts her first heat cycle may be diagnosed with chromosomal problems, hermaphroditism, or faulty uterine or ovarian development due to hereditary or genetic reasons. The queen's atypical menstrual cycles might be the result of environmental pressures, drugs, or insufficient day duration. Additionally, ovarian cysts and tumours may interfere with the reproductive cycle of the cat via the secretion of different hormones. Other prevalent reasons of infertility or subfertility in this species include ovarian and uterine disease, uterine pathology, chromosomal abnormalities, and dietary variables (4)

Lesions of the ovaries, uterus, and vagina are prevalent in small animal medicine; they may have a significant impact on the normal reproductive potential of dogs and cats and pose a threat to the patients' overall health. Inclusion of serosa In bitches and queens, cysts, adenomyosis, and endometrial polyps are examples of cysts that arise from the uterine serosa, myometrium, or endometrium (5).In nations where cat owners often do not go to veterinary facilities for elective neutering, pyometra is a frequent disease  (6). Progesterone stimulation results in either acute or chronic purulent endometritis. stimulates the endometrial gland secretions and decreases the myometrial contractions which lead to fluid accumulation, followed by ascending uterine infection from vaginal bacteria (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). Most cases of the disease are seen during diestrus or fake pregnancy, when progesterone is in charge for about 40 days. (12). In open pyometras, vaginal discharge may be noticed with mild, nonspecific clinical signs. However, in closed pyometra, sepsis, peritonitis, and even animal death may occur (6). The queen typically enters adolescence between the ages of 4 and 12 months (1), with the precise date dependent on the photoperiod, the breed, and the cat's weight (13). Seasonally polyestrous female cats have frequent estrous cycles during mating season but long periods of anestrus during the colder months. If ovulation does not take place, the breeding season typically starts in January or February and lasts until late summer or early autumn (14). The female cat is an induced ovulator, with copulation resulting in the production of luteinizing hormone (LH), which leads to ovulation (15). This is true for the majority of queens, however spontaneous ovulation has been seen in up to 60% of female cats (16).

        The  average  healthy  queens reaches  sexual  maturity  well  before  7 to 8 months (17)  of  age   and  beings  an  estrous  cycle  once  every  4 to 12 months(18).

Materials and methods:

 The present  study  depended mainly  on  collecting  the  sample  of  the  queens. eight of  the female  reproductive system  of  queens. The  sample  was  collected  from  queens of  different  places  in  Basra randomly.  This had  been  done  by  removing  the  internal reproductive system   through  a  surgical operation  . The  study  started  from  December  2020  until  February  2021 in the breding season  in which  the  materials   of  eight of  reproductive  system  of  queens were  collected  during  the  period   mentioned  above .The  work  has  been  done  in  the laboratory  of  surgery  and  the  laboratory  of  obstetrics  in  college  of  veterinary  Medicine  at  University  of  Basrah.

The  reproductive  system  of  queens were  grossly  diagnosed  by  cleaning   the   female reproductive  system  using  water  to  remove  all the  plankton  such  as  dirt, blood and  tissues . During  the  grossly   diagnosis  , it was  seen that  the  infection  of  ovaries  was  clear  and  enlargement   was  noted  on  the  right  ovary .This  ovary  was  totally  removed  and part of uterus removed  and  put  in  10%  of  formalin  liquid  to  cut  the  tissue. By  the diagnosis  of  tissue , it was  seen  that  the  ovary  was  infected  in  non-cancerousalso noted infection in uterus, so we takespecimen from infected uterus, put in 10% formalin .

Histopathology procedure: After being fixed for three days (48 hours in 10% formalin), the specimen was dehydrated in increasing concentrations of 50%, 70%, 95%, and 100%. After passing through a sequence of alcohol concentrations (70%, 80%, 90%, 100%, and 100%), the specimens were washed with xylene solution and embedded in paraffin wax at 55 degrees Celsius. After that, the blocking tissue was microtomed to a thickness of 5um. The sliced paraffin block was placed on an albumin slide, stained with hematoxylin and eosin, and examined under a microscope after being placed in a 37°C water bath (19).

Result

Anatomical: The female reproductive tract of the queens consists of the ovaries , oviduct, uterus, vagina, and valve, as in the Fig (1) .

Histopathological: The result of examination eight specimens of queens reproductive system showed specimens abnormal as in table (1) cases which appeared affect in ovaries as in fig (2) ovarian cysts , they show follicular cysts also with fibrosis and fill with fluid and ataractic body fig (4,8,9). The secondary specimen show endometritis with hyperplasia of the epithelium cells , glands filled  with secretion , also congested blood vessels and inflammatory cells in glandular layer and  found edema  and fluid in the  muscular layer as in fig (3). The  third specimen oviduct, show increase folded and projection ,  anther Section of oviduct, there are hyperplasia of epithelial cells fig (5,6).

Table(1) frequency distribution of pathological condition 

Figure(1) female reproductive tract in queen (Fossum and Hedlund,2007)

Figure(2), ovary show(A) follicular cyst(FC) ,(B) There are one layer of cells surrounded by fibrosis and fill with fluid(F) and(C) Ataractic body (A), (H&E10X).

Figure(3) Uterus (A) Show endometritis ,  hyperplasia of the epithelium cells , glands filled with secretions(H)(H&E4X). (B) There are congested blood vessels and inflammatory cells in glandular layer (CO) (H&E 4X ). and(C) Found edematous  and fluid in muscular layer (O)(H&E 10X).

Fig (4 ):  Section of ovary, cystic ovary (H&E 10X)Fig (5 ):  Section of oviduct, show increase folded and projection (H&E 10X).Fig (6 ):  Section of oviduct, there are hyperplasia of epithelial cells (H&E 10X).Fig (7 ):  Section of oviduct, may be hyperplasia (H&E 40X)

.

Discussion

Out of 8 speciment of cats reproductive system we found only two lesion on in uterus and other in ovary .

follicular  cysts :  In present study , follicular  cysts  comprised  (12.5%) which  were  less than  (20)  about  (40%)  but more  than  (21) about  (10%)  in queens.

Uterine abnormalities :

Endometritis: While endometritis was found in the research (12.5%), this finding agrees with (20) and does not accord with (21) owing to the diminutive size of the uterus, which impedes biopsies that are representative. This may impede the ability to diagnose endometritis and, hence, discover infertility issues (22). Endometrial Status in Queens Evaluated by Histopathology Findings and Two Cytological Techniques: Low-Volume Uterine Lavage and Uterine Swabbing endometritis with hyperplasia of the epithelium cells , glands filled  with secretion , also congested blood vessels and Thompson and Drew (23). inflammatory cells in glandular layer and  found edema  and fluid in the  muscular layer agree with (5, 24). Inflammation of the uterine endometrial tissue, caused by a bacterial pathogen infection, is known as endometritis. Hormonal disorders, postpartum infections, or dystocia may all induce uterine inflammation (25, 26). Increased progesterone levels increase bacterial development in the uterine lumen by causing hyperplastic endometrium and endometrial glands, decreased myometrial contractions, and an impaired local leukocyte response to infection. Estradiol in ovarian cystic fluid activates endometrial gland and causes it to release endometrium fluid by increasing oestrogen and progesterone receptors. Furthermore, increasing progesterone concentrations reduce cellular immunity during the early luteal phase, according to (27, 11) they claimed that acute or chronic purulent endometritis, as a result of progesterone stimulation. Progesterone stimulates the endometrial gland secretions and decreases the myometrial contractions which lead to fluid accumulation, followed by ascending uterine infection from vaginal bacteria. Follicular cysts (cats 35.29%,), cystic corpus luteum (dogs 16.66%), and cystic rete ovarii (dogs 16.66%) are the most common pathological conditions among the recorded ovarian lesions, followed by ovarian neoplasms (cats 35.29%), according to (28) who state that cystic ovarian disease is the most common pathological condition. They are thin-walled structures that hold transparent, viscous fluid. Many follicular cysts may form in a single ovary without affecting its ability to function normally (20). The veterinary literature rarely talks about problems with the uterine tube (29). This is likely a result of the infrequency with which the uterine tube is examined, as shown by this study. Except for uterine tube neoplasia, uterine tubelesions were often detected with other reproductive tract diseases or as part of a research method in this study. In both instances, the uterine tube was not the main investigated tissue.

Salpingitis was invariably related with metritis/pyometra in this research. Primary salpingitis and its result, tubal occlusion, are leading causes of female infertility. Because dogs and cats3 have a sphincter at the tubeuterine junction, ascending salpingitis is not a recognised cause of infertility in pet carnivores. Cat with hydrosalpinx reported (30, 31).

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